The closest formula to breastmilk is goats milk, apparently it is easier to digest and has a similar composition to breastmilk (altho I would guess without the antibody benefits of breastmilk). But most kids who are allergic to cows milk are also allergic to goats.
When Maya was smaller and I was weaning her from breastmilk to formula for health reasons her paed told me that the nutritional component of breastmilk ceases to be sufficient for bubs growth from around 7 mths. So that it's important to get extra iron and vitamins thru food and use the breastmilk to supplement that.
So in theory babies if babies that are breastfed can thrive on the nutrients in their solid foods then bottle fed babies can do the same supplemented with straight cows milk (from 12 months).
I don't even know if I'm making sense. And this is purely based on research not experience as none of my kids have been able to have standard formulas (or cows milk for that matter

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Edited to try and un-ramble my rambling
Edited by Maya