My parents separated when I was 17 and my Mum left us with Dad (her choice). I had obviously already been through the sex talk and first period, first bra etc although I can't say that my Mum was particularly great at all that stuff

My sister was only 15 so had longer at home with just Dad. Dad was great, we could talk to him about anything (even before Mum left) and for things like pads and tampons we just gave him a wee shopping list before he did the shopping and he would leave them in the bathroom for us or in our rooms. Or we'd go shopping too and he wouldn't question bathroom products.
My best friend from primary school lived with her dad from much younger and he had to take her shopping for her first bra. I don't know exactly how he brought it up but he took her to Ballantynes in Chch and got her fitted properly and bought her some really cool new underwear and I think it made her feel really grown up and cool.
I don't think it's impossible AT ALL and if he already has a good relationship with his daughter and WANTS to be there for her he will be. I'm not saying there aren't moments when things can be awkward but my Dad did a great job with my sister and I (and our younger brother) and so did my friend's Dad with her.
There are fathers that don't have a choice about bringing up their daughters during their teenage years and they do a great job too. Just like there are single mums who bring up teenage sons and do a fantastic job.
And yes, you're right, you do talk about all those things with your friends at school - usually long before your parents bring them up

Also I had a close relationship with my Nan, my aunties and more recently my MIL so I don't feel like I missed out on "mother figures" at all, I had plenty of grown ups to ask for help/advice in any situation.
I have since rebuilt my relationship with my Mum too (over the past 5 years really) and that's been encouraged by my Dad and also my DH.
HTH. Good luck.